Detecting buildings and roads from IKONOS data using additional elevation information
نویسنده
چکیده
Using high resolution imagery such as IKONOS data should make it possible to detect man-made-features such as buildings and roads more easily than with conventional satellite image data. However, due to the higher spatial resolution of IKONOS data, an automatic or semiautomatic detection of such features based only on their spectral characteristics can become difficult, especially in heterogeneous areas such as dense urban areas (see Bauer, T. & Steinnocher, K. in this issue). A typical problem in urban remote sensing is the handling of shadows. Using a DEM and additional semantic information can help to detect such cases and to manage them adequately. Furthermore, when using an additional DEM, significant elevation information of questionable objects can be used to identify their shape. As eCognition is able to use an arbitrary number of channels for the image segmentation and classification, the DEM was used for the initial segmentation and for the subsequent object classification. Thereby, the influence of the DEM on the object generation can be controlled by adjusting the channels' weights. Based upon the underlying concepts of eCognition to generate and classify image objects, different strategies have been developed. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Extraktion von Gebäuden und Straßen aus IKONOS-Daten mittels Höheninformationen Verwendet man hochaufgelöste Bilddaten, wie die des IKONOS Sensors, können sog. Man-madefeatures, wie Gebäude und Straßen, prinzipiell leichter erfasst werden, als mit herkömmlichen, satellitengestützen Bilddaten. Wegen der höheren Auflösung der IKONOS Daten gestaltet sich aber gerade in heterogenen Gebieten, wie z.B. in dichten urbanen Räumen, eine automatische oder halbautomatische Erfassung solcher Objekte, basierend auf deren Spektraleigenschaften, schwierig (vgl. Bauer, T. & Steinnocher, K. in diesem Heft). Ein typisches Problem innerhalb urbaner Räume ist der Umgang mit Schatten. Die Verwendung eines DHMs und zusätzliche semantische Information kann dazu beitragen, solche Fälle entsprechend zu erfassen und zu behandeln. Darüber hinaus kann aus dem DHM signifikante Höheninformation der zu erfassenden Objekte für deren Gestalterfassung verwendet werden. Da eCognition zur Bildsegmentierung und -klassifikation eine Vielzahl von Kanälen verwenden kann, wurde das DHM sowohl zur Bildsegmentierung, als auch für die anschließende Klassifikation der Segmente herangezogen. Dabei kann der Einfluss des DHMs auf die Objektgenerierung durch unterschiedliche Gewichtung der Kanäle gesteuert werden. Basierend auf den prinzipiellen Möglichkeiten, die eCognition zur Objektgenerierung und -klassifizierung anbietet, wurden entsprechend unterschiedliche Strategien entwickelt. Dipl.-Geogr. Peter Hofmann joined DEFiNiENS Division Imaging and Geomatics in January 2000. He is responsible for Piloting and Application Developement in the field of Remote Sensing & GIS. Adresse: DEFiNiENS AG, Rindermarkt 7; 80331 Munich, Germany Tel.: +49-(0)89/231180–38 Fax: +49-(0)89/231180–80 E-Mail: [email protected] www.definiens.com Data and Pre-Processing For the analysis an orthorectified IKONOS sub-scene with a ground resolution of 1m (pan) res. 4m (multi-spectral) from Tsukuba (Japan) was used. The image was acquired on 2000–03–02 at 01:13pm local time and has a size of 3042 x 3051 pixels. From experience with other IKONOS data from urban areas we came to the conclusion that it may be useful to undertake a pan-sharpening before working with eCognition. In the present case this was done by applying a simple inverse principal components transformation on the image data. It has to be mentioned that it is usually not recommended to apply such enhancement methods since they change the spectral properties of the objects and thus might influence the subsequent classification. However, when working on small objects, this technique can help to enhance the initial segmentation results as it takes important boundaries into account. This usually leads to more meaningful objects even on a large scale and consequently to improved classifiDETECTING URBAN OBJECTS FROM IKONOS DATA
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